Preserving the Legacy of Black Performing Artists From Lancaster County

This Black History Month, LancasterHistory dives deeper into the Black Lancastrians in the Arts: A Lasting Legacy photo exhibit on display at Stoudt Gallery. This exhibit explores the enduring work of African American artists in Lancaster County who have contributed to the film, art, music, and literary community on a local, national, and international level. The exhibit takes a multimedia and multidisciplinary look at how these individuals navigated through life and the streets of Lancaster. From Fulton Opera House in the 1880s to J.P. McCaskey High School in the 1960s, these artists have left their mark on various institutions throughout the decades. LancasterHistory continues to interpret and preserve the work of each artist featured in the Black Lancastrians in the Arts display.

Jake Parks: The Traveling Banjo Player of North Duke Street

Jacob “Jake” Parks was a beloved banjoist and businessman in Lancaster City. Born c. 1847, Jake was the son of George and Mary Parks, house cleaners who worked for some of the wealthiest families in the county. Parks was born with a clubfoot, which didn’t hinder his athletic abilities. He was later called a “leader in sport” by the Lancaster Intelligencer Journal in 1915. Parks also played football, hockey, and boxing. This athleticism translated into his knack for pushing a heavy wheelbarrow throughout the city, picking up odds and ends for his business. Parks was considered a traveler by nature and a music lover at heart. He moved around Lancaster City, whether staying with charitable friends on North Christian Street or in a cellar on North Duke. Parks never really knew where he’d rest his head at night, but his banjo was the one consistent thing in his life.  During the late 1880s, Parks traveled throughout southern Pennsylvania to work and tour with his banjo. He played his banjo to anyone who would listen. Author William Riddle stated in his book Folklore in the Library: Cherished Memories of Old Lancaster that “He [Jake] had a way of manipulating the strings of his banjo for a few stray nickels to charm the hearts of his hearers of both high and low degree.” Considered a modest businessman, Parks also sold candy and paper in front of the Fulton Opera House to help pay for his instrument. In an article from 1884’s Lancaster Weekly Examiner, Parks discussed his beloved banjo and its form:

“The banjo is made of three pieces: 1. part came from Atlantic City, 2. From a theater in Philadelphia, and the 3. from an older instrument that belonged to him, and he made the instrument from those parts.” Parks spoke to the Lancaster Weekly Examiner & Express in 1884, stating: 

“Maybe one of these mornings they’ll find me dead. Nobody will care about it, and I don’t care if they do. I’d have only a penny or two in my pockets, and Jake Parks would get only a line or two in the paper and maybe nothing at all.”

These words did not ring true. Following his death in 1924, multiple Lancaster newspapers wrote sizable obituaries about the banjo player. His colorful life was immortalized in ink for thousands of readers across the county. A fundraiser was created to give Jake a proper burial in Stevens Greenland Cemetery, the historical African American burial ground on South Duke Street.  According to The News Journal, $209, $3,586 in today’s money, was deposited to the “Jake Parks” fund in the Fulton National Bank. 

Vi Burnside: Lancaster County’s Renowned Saxophonist

Violet Burnside, known professionally as Vi Burnside, was a renowned jazz saxophonist born in Lancaster on April 19, 1915. She got started in music by performing in orchestras at Edward Hand Middle School and Stevens High School in Lancaster City. After graduating high school, Burnside attended a music conservatory in New York. She would later play tenor saxophone in various all-girl bands, like the African American group the Harlem Play-Girls. She would spend most of her career touring with different groups from the 1930s through the 1960s. During World War II, the saxophonist gained national recognition after joining the first racially integrated women’s band in America, The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, in 1943. The band performed at United Services Organization (USO) European concerts and venues.

The quintet played jazz and swing music at establishments like the Apollo Theater in New York City and the Regal Theatre in Chicago. The Chicago Defender described Burnside as “the nation’s finest tenor sax artist.” Burnside was popular for her strong swing style, which rivaled many of her male counterparts. The saxophonist would battle male musicians in “jam sessions” at local clubs. Al Monroe of The Chicago Defender documented one of her most heated jam sessions in 1948. 

“Of all the jam sessions we’ve witnessed the first real one brought together Gene Ammons of combo fame and Vi Burnside of the Sweethearts of Rhythm at Savoy Sunday night. They stood toe to toe, horn to horn and battled it out to the approval of more than 2000 raving jitterbugs.”

That same year, she would leave the International Sweethearts of Rhythm to become a bandleader of her group, the All-Stars. Burnside returned to Lancaster County in 1951 with her band to perform at Maple Grove Ballroom. An advertisement in the Intelligencer Journal promoting the event billed her as “One of the World’s Greatest Saxophonists.” Burnside and the All-Stars went on to tour throughout the country in the 1950s, even sharing the stage with famed saxophonist Charlie Parker.

The renowned saxophonist continued to perform throughout the decade, with much of her activities documented by The Pittsburgh Courier, the most widely circulated African American newspaper in the United States. Later in her life, Burnside would write and arrange music and continue her work with the musicians’ union in Washington, DC. Burnside died in 1964 at the age of 49. Her final resting place is at Stevens Greenland Cemetery. Vi Burnside’s legacy continues to be persevered and remembered at LancasterHistory’s research center through the Vi Burnside Information File.  Additionally, you can find many recordings and video clips of her time with The International Sweethearts of Rhythm on YouTube.

Romayne Bridgett: Teacher, Mentor, Actor, and Opera Singer

Romayne F. Bridgett was born in Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, on November 26, 1927. She was a well-known and respected teacher, singer, actor, and performer. Bridgett sang a wide range of music, including opera, spirituals, oratorio, musical comedy, and more. She said, “About the only thing I haven’t sung is country and rock and roll.” In the late 1940s, she attended Millersville University (Millersville State College). In the 1960s, Bridgett worked as a music teacher at Lancaster Catholic High School. She also taught private voice lessons to hundreds of students from her Mount Joy and Lancaster studios.

“My mother’s biggest contribution to the arts in Lancaster County was her 40 years of teaching.” – Romana Bridgett 

According to the Lancaster New Era in 1966, Bridgett was a soloist for the Lancaster Symphony Orchestra and Fulton Opera House, performing opera numbers like “Heart Thy Sweet Voice.” Bridgett had a lasting relationship with Fulton. In the 1970s, she performed in several plays for the company, including The Canterbury Tales, The Pilgrims, and The Wife of Bath’s Tale. According to The Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society’s article “State of the Arts in Lancaster County–1989”, she continued her teaching career into the 1980s, directing the choir at the Unitarian-Universalist Church of Lancaster. Bridgett passed away in 2011 at the age of 82. Romayne Bridgett has had a lasting impact on Lancaster County’s performing arts community and will continue to be honored at LancasterHistory with the Romayne Bridgett Information File, which houses many of the newspapers that documented her performances, photos of her teaching, and excerpts from her scrapbooks.

The Tranells: “Central Pennsylvania’s Version of a Motown Act”

The Hamboners: The Winning Knee-Slapping Quartet

The Hamboners, sometimes written as “The Ham Boners,” were a quartet that included Joseph Jackson, Warren Hyson, Louis Wilson, and Charles Simms. According to a 1954 article in the Intelligencer Journal, each of the young men had different roles in the group: “Joseph created the lyrics, Lewis and Charlies are the rhythm men who make up the beat, and Warren adds it all together.” Though considered a rhythm and vocal act by the Sunday News, the group specialized in “Hamboning,” also known as Juba dance, which is the act of slapping, stomping, or patting the knee, chest, and arms. Hamboning was created by enslaved Black people with roots in central Africa and the Caribbean.  The group grew up in southeast Lancaster’s 7th Ward and attended Edward Hand Middle School. In the 1950s, they started rehearsing and performing their ham-boning skills for Crispus Attucks Recreation Center residents. The quartet would later succeed in competing in the Ted Mack Amateur Hour in 1954. The young men attended the show in New York and won the talent competition three weeks in a row. Their winning performance was recorded and can be found on YouTube.  

---

The Importance of the Black Lancastrians in the Arts Display

Each talent featured in this display has a remarkable story to tell. The impact Black performing artists had and continue to have in Lancaster County has yet to be fully explored and honored. Romare Bearden, a 20th-century Black collagist and writer, states, “Black art has always existed. It just hasn’t been looked for in the right places.” We hope to continue searching in all the right places and to work closely with the Lancaster community to discover more about these fantastic Lancastrians and their legacies. Stay tuned for what’s next!

---

Sources Consulted 

• “The Tranells,” B Magazine, B. Derek Shaw https://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?i=36121&article_id=371663&view=articleBrowser
• “You Sound Like An Old Black Man: Performativity of Gender and Race Among Female Jazz Saxophonists,” University of Pittsburgh, Yoko Suzuki https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7388/
• “Folklore in the library: Cherished Memories of Old Lancaster,” William Riddle, https://collections.lancasterhistory.org/en/permalink/lhdo15257

From Notes From The Library